Table of Contents
- Configure and Build Hacking
- Writing and Generating Documentation
- Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems
- Test
- ABI Policy and Guidelines
- API Evolution and Deprecation History
- Backwards Compatibility
- First
- Second
- Namespace
std::not supported - Illegal iterator usage
isspacefrom<cctype>is a macro- No
vector::at,deque::at,string::at - No
std::char_traits<char>::eof - No
string::clear -
Removal of
ostream::formandistream::scanextensions - No
basic_stringbuf,basic_stringstream - Little or no wide character support
- No templatized iostreams
- Thread safety issues
- Namespace
- Third
- Pre-ISO headers moved to backwards or removed
- Extension headers hash_map, hash_set moved to ext or backwards
- No
ios::nocreate/ios::noreplace. -
No
stream::attach(int fd) - Support for C++98 dialect.
- Support for C++TR1 dialect.
- Support for C++11 dialect.
-
Container::iterator_typeis not necessarilyContainer::value_type*
As noted previously,
certain other tools are necessary for hacking on files that
control configure (configure.ac,
acinclude.m4) and make
(Makefile.am). These additional tools
(automake, and autoconf) are further
described in detail in their respective manuals. All the libraries
in GCC try to stay in sync with each other in terms of versions of
the auto-tools used, so please try to play nicely with the
neighbors.
The configure process begins the act of building libstdc++, and is started via:
configure
The configure file is a script generated (via
autoconf) from the file
configure.ac.
After the configure process is complete,
make all
in the build directory starts the build process. The all target comes from the Makefile file, which is generated via configure from the Makefile.in file, which is in turn generated (via
automake) from the file
Makefile.am.
Until that glorious day when we can use AC_TRY_LINK with a cross-compiler, we have to hardcode the results of what the tests would have shown if they could be run. So we have an inflexible mess like crossconfig.m4.
Wouldn't it be nice if we could store that information in files like configure.host, which can be modified without needing to regenerate anything, and can even be tweaked without really knowing how the configury all works? Perhaps break the pieces of crossconfig.m4 out and place them in their appropriate config/{cpu,os} directory.
Alas, writing macros like
"AC_DEFINE(HAVE_A_NICE_DAY)" can only be done inside
files which are passed through autoconf. Files which are pure
shell script can be source'd at configure time. Files which
contain autoconf macros must be processed with autoconf. We could
still try breaking the pieces out into "config/*/cross.m4" bits,
for instance, but then we would need arguments to aclocal/autoconf
to properly find them all when generating configure. I would
discourage that.
Most comments should use {octothorpes, shibboleths, hash marks,
pound signs, whatever} rather than "dnl". Nearly all comments in
configure.ac should. Comments inside macros written in ancillary
.m4 files should. About the only comments which should
not use #, but use dnl instead, are comments
outside our own macros in the ancillary
files. The difference is that # comments show up in
configure (which is most helpful for debugging),
while dnl'd lines just vanish. Since the macros in ancillary
files generate code which appears in odd places, their "outside"
comments tend to not be useful while reading
configure.
Do not use any $target* variables, such as
$target_alias. The single exception is in
configure.ac, for automake+dejagnu's sake.
The nice thing about acinclude.m4/aclocal.m4 is that macros aren't actually performed/called/expanded/whatever here, just loaded. So we can arrange the contents however we like. As of this writing, acinclude.m4 is arranged as follows:
GLIBCXX_CHECK_HOST
GLIBCXX_TOPREL_CONFIGURE
GLIBCXX_CONFIGURE
All the major variable "discovery" is done here. CXX, multilibs, etc.
fragments included from elsewhere
Right now, "fragments" == "the math/linkage bits".
GLIBCXX_CHECK_COMPILER_FEATURES
GLIBCXX_CHECK_LINKER_FEATURES
GLIBCXX_CHECK_WCHAR_T_SUPPORT
Next come extra compiler/linker feature tests. Wide character support was placed here because I couldn't think of another place for it. It will probably get broken apart like the math tests, because we're still disabling wchars on systems which could actually support them.
GLIBCXX_CHECK_SETRLIMIT_ancilliary
GLIBCXX_CHECK_SETRLIMIT
GLIBCXX_CHECK_S_ISREG_OR_S_IFREG
GLIBCXX_CHECK_POLL
GLIBCXX_CHECK_WRITEV
GLIBCXX_CONFIGURE_TESTSUITE
Feature tests which only get used in one place. Here, things used only in the testsuite, plus a couple bits used in the guts of I/O.
GLIBCXX_EXPORT_INCLUDES
GLIBCXX_EXPORT_FLAGS
GLIBCXX_EXPORT_INSTALL_INFO
Installation variables, multilibs, working with the rest of the compiler. Many of the critical variables used in the makefiles are set here.
GLIBGCC_ENABLE
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_C99
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_CHEADERS
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_CLOCALE
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_CONCEPT_CHECKS
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_CSTDIO
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_CXX_FLAGS
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_C_MBCHAR
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_DEBUG
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_DEBUG_FLAGS
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_LONG_LONG
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_PCH
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_SJLJ_EXCEPTIONS
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_SYMVERS
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_THREADS
All the features which can be controlled with enable/disable configure options. Note how they're alphabetized now? Keep them like that. :-)
AC_LC_MESSAGES
libtool bits
Things which we don't seem to use directly, but just has to be present otherwise stuff magically goes wonky.
All the GLIBCXX_ENABLE_FOO macros use a common
helper, GLIBCXX_ENABLE. (You don't have to use
it, but it's easy.) The helper does two things for us:
Builds the call to the
AC_ARG_ENABLEmacro, with --help text properly quoted and aligned. (Death to changequote!)Checks the result against a list of allowed possibilities, and signals a fatal error if there's no match. This means that the rest of the
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_FOOmacro doesn't need to test for strange arguments, nor do we need to protect against empty/whitespace strings with the"x$foo" = "xbar"idiom.
Doing these things correctly takes some extra autoconf/autom4te code, which made our macros nearly illegible. So all the ugliness is factored out into this one helper macro.
Many of the macros take an argument, passed from when they are expanded in configure.ac. The argument controls the default value of the enable/disable switch. Previously, the arguments themselves had defaults. Now they don't, because that's extra complexity with zero gain for us.
There are three "overloaded signatures". When reading the descriptions below, keep in mind that the brackets are autoconf's quotation characters, and that they will be stripped. Examples of just about everything occur in acinclude.m4, if you want to look.
GLIBCXX_ENABLE (FEATURE, DEFAULT, HELP-ARG, HELP-STRING)
GLIBCXX_ENABLE (FEATURE, DEFAULT, HELP-ARG, HELP-STRING, permit a|b|c)
GLIBCXX_ENABLE (FEATURE, DEFAULT, HELP-ARG, HELP-STRING, SHELL-CODE-HANDLER)
FEATURE is the string that follows --enable. The results of the test (such as it is) will be in the variable $enable_FEATURE, where FEATURE has been squashed. Example:
[extra-foo], controlled by the --enable-extra-foo option and stored in $enable_extra_foo.DEFAULT is the value to store in $enable_FEATURE if the user does not pass --enable/--disable. It should be one of the permitted values passed later. Examples:
[yes], or[bar], or[$1](which passes the argument given to theGLIBCXX_ENABLE_FOOmacro as the default).For cases where we need to probe for particular models of things, it is useful to have an undocumented "auto" value here (see
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_CLOCALEfor an example).HELP-ARG is any text to append to the option string itself in the --help output. Examples:
[](i.e., an empty string, which appends nothing),[=BAR], which produces--enable-extra-foo=BAR, and[@<:@=BAR@:>@], which produces--enable-extra-foo[=BAR]. See the difference? See what it implies to the user?If you're wondering what that line noise in the last example was, that's how you embed autoconf special characters in output text. They're called quadrigraphs and you should use them whenever necessary.
HELP-STRING is what you think it is. Do not include the "default" text like we used to do; it will be done for you by GLIBCXX_ENABLE. By convention, these are not full English sentences. Example: [turn on extra foo]
With no other arguments, only the standard autoconf patterns are
allowed: "--{enable,disable}-foo[={yes,no}]" The
$enable_FEATURE variable is guaranteed to equal either "yes" or "no"
after the macro. If the user tries to pass something else, an
explanatory error message will be given, and configure will halt.
The second signature takes a fifth argument, "[permit
a | b | c | ...]"
This allows a or b or
... after the equals sign in the option, and $enable_FEATURE is
guaranteed to equal one of them after the macro. Note that if you
want to allow plain --enable/--disable with no "=whatever", you must
include "yes" and "no" in the list of permitted values. Also note
that whatever you passed as DEFAULT must be in the list. If the
user tries to pass something not on the list, a semi-explanatory
error message will be given, and configure will halt. Example:
[permit generic|gnu|ieee_1003.1-2001|yes|no|auto]
The third signature takes a fifth argument. It is arbitrary shell code to execute if the user actually passes the enable/disable option. (If the user does not, the default is used. Duh.) No argument checking at all is done in this signature. See GLIBCXX_ENABLE_CXX_FLAGS for an example of handling, and an error message.
The build process has to make all of object files needed for static or shared libraries, but first it has to generate some include files. The general order is as follows:
make include files, make pre-compiled headers
make libsupc++
Generates a libtool convenience library,
libsupc++conveniencewith language-support routines. Also generates a freestanding static library,libsupc++.a.make src
Generates two convenience libraries, one for C++98 and one for C++11, various compatibility files for shared and static libraries, and then collects all the generated bits and creates the final libstdc++ libraries.
make src/c++98
Generates a libtool convenience library,
libc++98conveniencewith language-support routines. Uses the-std=gnu++98dialect.make src/c++11
Generates a libtool convenience library,
libc++11conveniencewith language-support routines. Uses the-std=gnu++11dialect.make src
Generates needed compatibility objects for shared and static libraries. Shared-only code is seggregated at compile-time via the macro
_GLIBCXX_SHARED.Then, collects all the generated convenience libraries, adds in any required compatibility objects, and creates the final shared and static libraries:
libstdc++.soandlibstdc++.a.